TWN Bonn Update No. 1
30 April 2013
3
that mitigation is best form of adaption. As regards workstream 2, it called for the closure of the mitigation gap and wanted progress on pre 2020 ambition, as this will affect the post 2020 ambition. It called on developed countries to take the lead.
Nicaragua
, speaking for the
Like-Minded Developing Countries on Climate Change (LMDC)
said that the LMDC countries have a combined population of 3.5 billion. Within its borders live more than 1.54 billion people who survive on incomes that are below the international poverty line of US$2 a day. Around 900 million more people in developing and least-developed countries also survive on less than $2 a day. This means that more than two-and-a-half billion people survive on daily incomes that are less than what each cow in many developed countries receives in farm subsidies each day, which is clearly unjust and inequitable. The LMDC highlighted the common challenge of poverty eradication and development that developing and least-developed countries, have faced and continue to face from 1992 to the present-day. Like other developing countries, its economies are still developing and so are fragile and vulnerable to the impacts and costs of climate change actions. Hence, as affirmed in the Convention, responses to climate change should be coordinated with social and economic development in an integrated manner with a view to avoiding adverse impacts on the latter, taking into full account the legitimate priority needs of developing countries for the achievement of sustained economic growth and the eradication of poverty, added Nicaragua. Nicaragua reminded that all Parties acknowledged that the largest share of historical global emissions of greenhouse gases originated in developed countries and that, owing to this historical responsibility, developed country Parties must take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof. However, the extent to which Annex 1 Parties have fulfilled their commitments under the Convention has not been adequate, resulting instead in major implementation gaps for the Convention. On the other hand, many developing and least-developed countries, are undertaking and investing heavily, in most cases using mainly their own domestic resources, in domestic climate mitigation and adaptation actions. These actions could have been further enhanced ha
d Annex II Parties’
commitments under the Convention to provide financing and technology transfer to developing countries been fulfilled. The LMDC said the work of the ADP is to ensure the full and effective implementation of the Convention in the period both before and after 2020. This must build on the work that has already been taking place and ensure that all parts of the package constituting the outcome under the Bali Road Map, including the agreed outcome under the Bali Action Plan and the adoption of the amendment to Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol for a 2
nd
commitment period, will be effectively and fully implemented now, up to and beyond 2020. The urgent task of implementation of the decisions already taken under the Convention, in particular those relating to the operationalization of the mechanisms set up to assist the actions of developing countries is a key priority and must receive equal emphasis in the work of the Parties going forward. It stressed the negotiations and the outcome shall be guided by and must be consistent with the principles and provisions of the Convention, especially the principles of equity and CBDR. These principles of the Convention and the provisions and structure that reflect and apply these principles are at the foundation of the work of the ADP. The ADP negotiations must not replace, rewrite, restructure, renegotiate, nor reinterpret the Convention and its principles, provisions, and structure, added Nicaragua. It wanted the work under workstream 1 to link to, build on and be informed by the work of the subsidiary and other relevant bodies. It stressed also that work of the ADP in workstream 1 must address as essential elements of any outcome of its work all of the Convention building blocks of adaptation, mitigation, finance, technology transfer, and capacity building, as well as forest activities, response measures, economic diversification and resilience, loss and damage, and transparency and compliance issues, as substantive issues that need to be addressed in an operational, effective, and adequate manner. The actions to address climate change must be comprehensive and also address sinks and all gases and sectors. For workstream 2, the LMDC looked forward to a result in which developed countries build trust, show good faith, and take the lead in addressing climate change by implementing the Doha package and showing enhanced mitigation ambition in the pre-2020 period. It emphasized that increasing pre-2020 ambition shall primarily be achieved through the implementation of the 2nd commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (KP) and the outcome of the Bali Action Plan in a comprehensive manner, covering mitigation, adaptation and finance and technology support. This could be done through Annex I KP Parties immediately ratifying the amendment to the KP for the 2
nd
commitment period during 2013 and